MDMA Wikipedia

MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a synthetic molecule of the substituted amphetamine class. Molecules of the amphetamine class all contain a phenethylamine core comprised of a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain, with an additional methyl substitution at Rα. In addition to this, MDMA contains a methyl substitution on RN, a feature it shares with methamphetamine. Critically, the MDMA molecule also contains substitutions at R3 and R4 of the phenyl ring with oxygen groups — these oxygen groups are incorporated into a methylenedioxy ring through a methylene bridge. MDMA shares this methylenedioxy ring with other entactogens and stimulants like MDA, MDEA and MDAI.

Dependence and abuse potential

Rybelsus tablets are used to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes, and may … Therapy is typically directed by a substance use clinic or health care provider and involve supportive care and behavioral and group therapy. Some people who use MDMA do report symptoms of addiction, including continued use despite negative consequences, tolerance, withdrawal, and craving, according to the NIH. As the rave and club scene expanded to metropolitan and suburban areas across the country, MDMA use and distribution increased as well.

• Recently, the FDA designated MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD as a Breakthrough Therapy and ongoing MDMA studies can be found on clinicaltrials.gov.
• There were 92 MDMA-related deaths in England and Wales in 2018, up from 56 the year before,29 and 10,000 hospitalizations for MDMA-related illness/injury in 2011 in the United States.11 However, as of 2021, there have been no such cases reported for clinical settings.
• Diuretics such as alcohol may exacerbate these risks further due to causing excessive amounts of dehydration.

In addition, fentanyl has been increasingly found cut into other street drugs, often unknown by the user and leading to fatalities. MDMA was first synthesized by a German company in 1912, possibly to be used as an appetite suppressant. It has been available as a street drug since the 1980s, and use escalated in the 1990s among college students and young adults. Then, it was most often distributed at late-night parties called «raves», nightclubs, and rock concerts.

Preclinical studies

Recently, the FDA designated MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD as a Breakthrough Therapy and ongoing MDMA studies can be found on clinicaltrials.gov. The DEA considers MDMA an illegal schedule I drug with no recognized medical uses. Damage to brain serotonin neurons can occur; serotonin is thought to play a role in regulating mood, memory, sleep, and appetite. Studies are conflicting on MDMA use and its affects on memory and cognition.

Cognitive effects

MDMA is an illegal drug that acts as both a stimulant and psychedelic, producing an energizing effect, as well as distortions in time and perception and enhanced enjoyment from tactile experiences. MDMA is a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act, which means that the DEA has determined that it has no medical benefit and a high potential for abuse. MDMA can produce stimulant effects such as an enhanced sense of pleasure and self-confidence and increased energy. Its psychedelic effects include feelings of peacefulness, acceptance, and empathy. MAPS states “in laboratory studies, pure MDMA has been proven sufficiently safe for human consumption when taken a limited number of times in moderate doses.”5 MDMA seems to be about as safe as skydiving, and a regulated environment would likely make MDMA safer. Regulation could reduce the risk of fake MDMA.6 MDMA appears to be safer than most other illegal drugs, though all drugs can be harmful under specific circumstances.7 MDMA is safer if you follow harm reduction guidelines.

Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA

MDA constitutes part of the core structure of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist protokylol. Liraglutide is used to improve blood sugar control in adults and children 10 years of age and older … Wegovy (semaglutide) is an FDA-approved weekly injection for weight loss, reducing heart risks …

Effects on health

This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. “Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA”77 is an article by George A. Ricaurte which was published in September 2002 in the peer-reviewed journal Science, one of the world’s top academic journals. It was later retracted; instead of using MDMA, methamphetamine had been used in the test. Scientific study has resulted in the general agreement that, although it is physically safe to try in a responsible context, the administration of repeated or high dosages of MDMA is most certainly neurotoxic mdma wikipedia in some form.

Some scientists believe Ecstasy may be useful in therapy since it has been found to reduce fear in some individuals. Recently, there has been some research on if it can help people with severe PTSD confront painful memories during therapy appointments.171819 It may also have potential to help people diagnosed with cancer manage their anxiety about death. When used in therapy, MDMA has been reported to increase empathy, closeness between patient and therapist, relaxation, motivation to engage with therapy and introspective thought, and reduce depression and anxiety. Furthermore, research suggests that treatment may improve the quality of sleep of individuals affected by PTSD-related sleep disturbances.15 It is believed that these factors may increase the success rate of psychotherapy. While the combination of Ecstasy with one or more of these drugs may be inherently dangerous, users might also voluntarily combine them with substances, such as marijuana, alcohol, or opioids, putting themselves at further risk of physical harm, overdose, or death. The stimulant effects of the drug, which enable the user to dance for extended periods, combined with the hot, crowded conditions usually found at raves can lead to dehydration, hyperthermia (dangerous increase in body temperature), and heart or kidney failure.

• MDMA stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, from brain neurons producing a high that lasts from 3 to 6 hours, but the length of a high is variable based on the user.
• Wegovy (semaglutide) is an FDA-approved weekly injection for weight loss, reducing heart risks …
• This myth comes from messages broadcast by anti-drug campaigns in the late 1990s/early 2000s.
• In Australia, MDMA was rescheduled on 1 July 2023 as a schedule 8 substance (available on prescription) when used in the treatment of PTSD, while remaining a schedule 9 substance (prohibited) for all other uses.
• Its psychedelic effects include feelings of peacefulness, acceptance, and empathy.

Transpersonal effects

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (also known as ecstasy, E, XTC, emma, molly, mandy, pingers, and MDMA) is a classical entactogen substance of the amphetamine class. It is the most well-known and widely-used member of the entactogens, a diverse group that includes MDA, methylone, 4-MMC, and 6-APB. It produces its effects by promoting the release of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain, particularly serotonin. In response to this, researchers interested in MDMA for use in psychotherapy founded and funded the U.S.-based non-profit research organization, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).26 MAPS is now one of the leading organizations funding research on psychedelic and controlled substances. This effect can be lessened by relaxing, but can also be relieved by placing a hot flannel over the genitals to encourage blood flow.6869 However, MDMA causes water retention and dilution of electrolytes.

Users are advised to pay close attention to their water intake, drinking neither too much nor too little, and to take care not to overexert themselves to avoid heat-stroke, which can be fatal. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. Analogues of MDA include its positional isomer 2,3-methylenedioxyamphetamine (2,3-MDA) and others. Saxenda (liraglutide) injection is used for weight loss in obese or overweight patients. Zepbound (tirzepatide) is an FDA-approved weekly injection for weight loss and obstructive sleep … Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

It has appeared as an unwanted impurity in a heroin-like (opiate) drug called MPPP, causing the people who took the contaminated drug to ‘freeze up’ by destroying dopamine neurons in the brain, just as Parkinson’s disease does. Water intoxication symptoms typically show up when a person consumes more than about 3-4 liters of water within an hour.6263 Also, an important cause of death following MDMA use is hyponatremia, low blood sodium levels as a result of drinking too much water. Subjective effects include stimulation, anxiety suppression, disinhibition, enhanced empathy and sociability, relaxation, and euphoria. It is classified as an entactogen due to how it facilitates feelings of closeness with one’s self and others. A notable property of MDMA is that tolerance builds unusually quickly and many users report that it dramatically loses effectiveness if used on a frequent basis.